Complete Guide to Importing to the USA

Importing goods into the United States involves multiple federal agencies, complex regulations, and strict documentation requirements. This guide covers the essentials every importer needs to know.

Getting Started The Basics

Before you can import, you need an Importer of Record number. For businesses, this is typically your EIN (Employer Identification Number). You'll also need a customs bond if your shipments exceed $2,500 in value.

Most importers work with a licensed customs broker who handles the entry process on their behalf. Customs brokers are licensed by CBP and have the expertise to navigate complex regulations.

The Import Process

1. Classify your goods using the Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) 2. Calculate applicable duties and fees 3. Ensure compliance with all Partner Government Agency requirements (FDA, USDA, EPA, etc.) 4. File entry documents with CBP 5. Pay duties and fees 6. Clear your cargo through customs

Understanding Duty Rates

Import duties are calculated based on the HTS classification and the value of your goods (typically transaction value). Rates vary from 0% to over 25% depending on the product and country of origin.

Don't forget additional fees: Merchandise Processing Fee (0.3464%), Harbor Maintenance Fee (0.125% for ocean shipments), and any applicable Section 301 or antidumping duties.

Required Documentation

At minimum, you'll need: Commercial invoice, packing list, bill of lading or airway bill, and arrival notice. Depending on your product, you may also need: FDA prior notice, USDA permits, FCC certification, DOT compliance, or various other agency-specific documents.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Incorrect HTS classification is the most common error and can result in penalties. Always verify your classification and consider getting a binding ruling from CBP for complex products.

Undervaluing goods is another serious issue. CBP has sophisticated systems to detect undervaluation, and penalties can be severe.